# Source: https://nextjs.org/docs/pages/guides/internationalization.md

# Source: https://nextjs.org/docs/app/guides/internationalization.md

# Source: https://nextjs.org/docs/pages/guides/internationalization.md

# Source: https://nextjs.org/docs/app/guides/internationalization.md

# Source: https://nextjs.org/docs/pages/guides/internationalization.md

# Source: https://nextjs.org/docs/app/guides/internationalization.md

# Source: https://nextjs.org/docs/pages/guides/internationalization.md

# Source: https://nextjs.org/docs/app/guides/internationalization.md

# Source: https://nextjs.org/docs/pages/guides/internationalization.md

# Source: https://nextjs.org/docs/app/guides/internationalization.md

# Internationalization
@doc-version: 16.0.4


Next.js enables you to configure the routing and rendering of content to support multiple languages. Making your site adaptive to different locales includes translated content (localization) and internationalized routes.

## Terminology

* **Locale:** An identifier for a set of language and formatting preferences. This usually includes the preferred language of the user and possibly their geographic region.
  * `en-US`: English as spoken in the United States
  * `nl-NL`: Dutch as spoken in the Netherlands
  * `nl`: Dutch, no specific region

## Routing Overview

It’s recommended to use the user’s language preferences in the browser to select which locale to use. Changing your preferred language will modify the incoming `Accept-Language` header to your application.

For example, using the following libraries, you can look at an incoming `Request` to determine which locale to select, based on the `Headers`, locales you plan to support, and the default locale.

```js filename="proxy.js"
import { match } from '@formatjs/intl-localematcher'
import Negotiator from 'negotiator'

let headers = { 'accept-language': 'en-US,en;q=0.5' }
let languages = new Negotiator({ headers }).languages()
let locales = ['en-US', 'nl-NL', 'nl']
let defaultLocale = 'en-US'

match(languages, locales, defaultLocale) // -> 'en-US'
```

Routing can be internationalized by either the sub-path (`/fr/products`) or domain (`my-site.fr/products`). With this information, you can now redirect the user based on the locale inside [Proxy](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/proxy.md).

```js filename="proxy.js"
import { NextResponse } from "next/server";

let locales = ['en-US', 'nl-NL', 'nl']

// Get the preferred locale, similar to the above or using a library
function getLocale(request) { ... }

export function proxy(request) {
  // Check if there is any supported locale in the pathname
  const { pathname } = request.nextUrl
  const pathnameHasLocale = locales.some(
    (locale) => pathname.startsWith(`/${locale}/`) || pathname === `/${locale}`
  )

  if (pathnameHasLocale) return

  // Redirect if there is no locale
  const locale = getLocale(request)
  request.nextUrl.pathname = `/${locale}${pathname}`
  // e.g. incoming request is /products
  // The new URL is now /en-US/products
  return NextResponse.redirect(request.nextUrl)
}

export const config = {
  matcher: [
    // Skip all internal paths (_next)
    '/((?!_next).*)',
    // Optional: only run on root (/) URL
    // '/'
  ],
}
```

Finally, ensure all special files inside `app/` are nested under `app/[lang]`. This enables the Next.js router to dynamically handle different locales in the route, and forward the `lang` parameter to every layout and page. For example:

```tsx filename="app/[lang]/page.tsx" switcher
// You now have access to the current locale
// e.g. /en-US/products -> `lang` is "en-US"
export default async function Page({
  params,
}: {
  params: Promise<{ lang: string }>
}) {
  const { lang } = await params
  return ...
}
```

```jsx filename="app/[lang]/page.js" switcher
// You now have access to the current locale
// e.g. /en-US/products -> `lang` is "en-US"
export default async function Page({ params }) {
  const { lang } = await params
  return ...
}
```

The root layout can also be nested in the new folder (e.g. `app/[lang]/layout.js`).

## Localization

Changing displayed content based on the user’s preferred locale, or localization, is not something specific to Next.js. The patterns described below would work the same with any web application.

Let’s assume we want to support both English and Dutch content inside our application. We might maintain two different “dictionaries”, which are objects that give us a mapping from some key to a localized string. For example:

```json filename="dictionaries/en.json"
{
  "products": {
    "cart": "Add to Cart"
  }
}
```

```json filename="dictionaries/nl.json"
{
  "products": {
    "cart": "Toevoegen aan Winkelwagen"
  }
}
```

We can then create a `getDictionary` function to load the translations for the requested locale:

```ts filename="app/[lang]/dictionaries.ts" switcher
import 'server-only'

const dictionaries = {
  en: () => import('./dictionaries/en.json').then((module) => module.default),
  nl: () => import('./dictionaries/nl.json').then((module) => module.default),
}

export const getDictionary = async (locale: 'en' | 'nl') =>
  dictionaries[locale]()
```

```js filename="app/[lang]/dictionaries.js" switcher
import 'server-only'

const dictionaries = {
  en: () => import('./dictionaries/en.json').then((module) => module.default),
  nl: () => import('./dictionaries/nl.json').then((module) => module.default),
}

export const getDictionary = async (locale) => dictionaries[locale]()
```

Given the currently selected language, we can fetch the dictionary inside of a layout or page.

```tsx filename="app/[lang]/page.tsx" switcher
import { getDictionary } from './dictionaries'

export default async function Page({
  params,
}: {
  params: Promise<{ lang: 'en' | 'nl' }>
}) {
  const { lang } = await params
  const dict = await getDictionary(lang) // en
  return <button>{dict.products.cart}</button> // Add to Cart
}
```

```jsx filename="app/[lang]/page.js" switcher
import { getDictionary } from './dictionaries'

export default async function Page({ params }) {
  const { lang } = await params
  const dict = await getDictionary(lang) // en
  return <button>{dict.products.cart}</button> // Add to Cart
}
```

Because all layouts and pages in the `app/` directory default to [Server Components](/docs/app/getting-started/server-and-client-components.md), we do not need to worry about the size of the translation files affecting our client-side JavaScript bundle size. This code will **only run on the server**, and only the resulting HTML will be sent to the browser.

## Static Rendering

To generate static routes for a given set of locales, we can use `generateStaticParams` with any page or layout. This can be global, for example, in the root layout:

```tsx filename="app/[lang]/layout.tsx" switcher
export async function generateStaticParams() {
  return [{ lang: 'en-US' }, { lang: 'de' }]
}

export default async function RootLayout({
  children,
  params,
}: Readonly<{
  children: React.ReactNode
  params: Promise<{ lang: 'en-US' | 'de' }>
}>) {
  return (
    <html lang={(await params).lang}>
      <body>{children}</body>
    </html>
  )
}
```

```jsx filename="app/[lang]/layout.js" switcher
export async function generateStaticParams() {
  return [{ lang: 'en-US' }, { lang: 'de' }]
}

export default async function RootLayout({ children, params }) {
  return (
    <html lang={(await params).lang}>
      <body>{children}</body>
    </html>
  )
}
```

## Resources

* [Minimal i18n routing and translations](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/i18n-routing)
* [`next-intl`](https://next-intl.dev)
* [`next-international`](https://github.com/QuiiBz/next-international)
* [`next-i18n-router`](https://github.com/i18nexus/next-i18n-router)
* [`paraglide-next`](https://inlang.com/m/osslbuzt/paraglide-next-i18n)
* [`lingui`](https://lingui.dev)
* [`tolgee`](https://tolgee.io/apps-integrations/next)
* [`next-intlayer`](https://intlayer.org/doc/environment/nextjs)
* [`gt-next`](https://generaltranslation.com/en/docs/next)