# Source: https://docs.convex.dev/functions/bundling.md

# Bundling

Bundling is the process of gathering, optimizing and transpiling the JS/TS source code of [functions](/functions.md) and their dependencies. During development and when deploying, the code is transformed to a format that Convex [runtimes](/functions/runtimes.md) can directly and efficiently execute.

Convex currently bundles all dependencies automatically, but for the Node.js runtime you can disable bundling certain packages via the [external packages](#external-packages) config.

## Bundling for Convex[​](#bundling-for-convex "Direct link to Bundling for Convex")

When you push code either via `npx convex dev` or `npx convex deploy`, the Convex CLI uses [esbuild](https://esbuild.github.io/) to traverse your `convex/` folder and bundle your functions and all of their used dependencies into a source code bundle. This bundle is then sent to the server.

Thanks to bundling you can write your code using both modern ECMAScript Modules (ESM) or the older CommonJS (CJS) syntax.

ESM vs. CJS

ESM

* Is the standard for browser JavaScript
* Uses static imports via the `import` and `export` **keywords** (not functions) at the global scope
* Also supports dynamic imports via the asynchronous `import` function

CJS

* Was previously the standard module system for Node.js
* Relies on dynamic imports via the `require` and asynchronous `import` functions for fetching external modules
* Uses the `module.exports` object for exports

## Bundling limitations[​](#bundling-limitations "Direct link to Bundling limitations")

The nature of bundling comes with a few limitations.

### Code size limits[​](#code-size-limits "Direct link to Code size limits")

The total size of your bundled function code in your `convex/` folder is **limited to 32MiB (\~33.55MB)**. Other platform limits can be found [here](/production/state/limits.md).

While this limit in itself is quite high for just source code, certain dependencies can quickly make your bundle size cross over this limit, particularly if they are not effectively [tree-shakeable](https://webpack.js.org/guides/tree-shaking/) (such as [aws-sdk](https://www.npmjs.com/package/aws-sdk) or [snowflake-sdk](https://www.npmjs.com/package/snowflake-sdk))

You can follow these steps to debug bundle size:

1. Make sure you're using the most recent version of convex

   ```
   npm install convex@latest
   ```

2. Generate the bundle

   Note that this will not push code, and just generated a bundle for debugging purposes.

   ```
   npx convex dev --once --debug-bundle-path /tmp/myBundle
   ```

3. Visualize the bundle

   Use [source-map-explorer](https://github.com/danvk/source-map-explorer/tree/master) to visualize your bundle.

   ```
   npx source-map-explorer /tmp/myBundle/**/*.js
   ```

Code bundled for the Convex runtime will be in the `isolate` directory while code bundled for node actions will be in the `node` directory.

Large node dependencies can be eliminated from the bundle by marking them as [external packages](/functions/bundling.md#external-packages).

### Dynamic dependencies[​](#dynamic-dependencies "Direct link to Dynamic dependencies")

Some libraries rely on dynamic imports (via `import`/`require` calls) to avoid always including their dependencies. These imports are not supported by the [default Convex runtime](/functions/runtimes.md#default-convex-runtime) and will throw an error at runtime.

Additionally, some libraries rely on local files, which cannot be bundled by esbuild. If bundling is used, irrespective of the choice of runtime, these imports will always fail in Convex.

Examples of libraries with dynamic dependencies

Consider the following examples of packages relying on dynamic dependencies:

* [langchain](https://www.npmjs.com/package/langchain) relying on the presence of peer dependencies that it can dynamically import. These dependencies are not statically `import`ed so will not be bundled by `esbuild`.
* [sharp](https://www.npmjs.com/package/sharp) relying on the presence of `libvips` binaries for image-processing operations
* [pdf-parse](https://www.npmjs.com/package/pdf-parse) relies on being dynamically imported with `require()` in order to detect if it is being run in test mode. Bundling can eliminate these `require()` calls, making `pdf-parse` assume it is running in test mode.
* [tiktoken](https://www.npmjs.com/package/tiktoken) relying on local WASM files

## External packages[​](#external-packages "Direct link to External packages")

As a workaround for the bundling limitations above, Convex provides an escape hatch: **external packages**. This feature is currently exclusive to Convex's [Node.js runtime](/functions/runtimes.md#nodejs-runtime).

External packages use [`esbuild`'s facility for marking a dependency as external](https://esbuild.github.io/api/#external). This tells `esbuild` to not bundle the external dependency at all and to leave the import as a dynamic runtime import using `require()` or `import()`. Thus, your Convex modules will rely on the underlying system having that dependency made available at execution-time.

### Package installation on the server[​](#package-installation-on-the-server "Direct link to Package installation on the server")

Packages marked as external are installed from [npm](https://www.npmjs.com/) the first time you push code that uses them. The version installed matches the version installed in the `node_modules` folder on your local machine.

While this comes with a latency penalty the first time you push external packages, your packages are cached and this install step only ever needs to rerun if your external packages change. Once cached, pushes can actually be faster due to smaller source code bundles being sent to the server during pushes!

### Specifying external packages[​](#specifying-external-packages "Direct link to Specifying external packages")

Create a [`convex.json`](/production/project-configuration.md#convexjson) file in the same directory as your `package.json` if it does not exist already. Set the `node.externalPackages` field to `["*"]` to mark all dependencies used within your Node actions as external:

convex.json

```
{
  "$schema": "./node_modules/convex/schemas/convex.schema.json",
  "node": {
    "externalPackages": ["*"]
  }
}
```

Alternatively, you can explicitly specify which packages to mark as external:

convex.json

```
{
  "$schema": "./node_modules/convex/schemas/convex.schema.json",
  "node": {
    "externalPackages": ["aws-sdk", "sharp"]
  }
}
```

The package identifiers should match the string used in `import`/`require` in your [Node.js action](/functions/actions.md#choosing-the-runtime-use-node).

### Troubleshooting external packages[​](#troubleshooting-external-packages "Direct link to Troubleshooting external packages")

#### Incorrect package versions[​](#incorrect-package-versions "Direct link to Incorrect package versions")

The Convex CLI searches for external packages within your local `node_modules` directory. Thus, changing version of a package in the `package.json` will not affect the version used on the server until you've updated the package version installed in your local `node_modules` folder (e.g. running `npm install`).

#### Import errors[​](#import-errors "Direct link to Import errors")

Marking a dependency as external may result in errors like this:

> The requested module "some-module" is a CommonJs module, which may not support all module.exports as named exports. CommonJs modules can always be imported via the default export

This requires rewriting any imports for this module as follows:

```
// ❌ old
import { Foo } from "some-module";

// ✅ new
import SomeModule from "some-module";
const { Foo } = SomeModule;
```

### Limitations[​](#limitations "Direct link to Limitations")

The total size of your source code bundle and external packages cannot exceed the following:

* 45MB zipped
* 240MB unzipped

Packages that are known not to work at this time:

* [Puppeteer](https://www.npmjs.com/package/puppeteer) - browser binary installation exceeds the size limit
* [@ffmpeg.wasm](https://www.npmjs.com/package/@ffmpeg/ffmpeg) - since 0.12.0, [no longer supports Node environments](https://ffmpegwasm.netlify.app/docs/faq#why-ffmpegwasm-doesnt-support-nodejs)

If there is a package that you would like working in your Convex functions, [let us know](https://convex.dev/community).